Overview

Background: The Affordable Care Act created new incentives for hospitals, insurers, public health agencies, and others to contribute to disease prevention and health promotion activities, potentially changing inter-organizational relationships and expanding implementation of strategies that improve population health. This study uses data from the 1998-2014 National Longitudinal Survey of Public Health Systems to examine: (1) the extent and nature of change in inter-organizational contributions to public health activities; (2) whether network changes attenuate or exacerbate disparities in public health implementation across communities; and (3) how network changes affect preventable mortality and resource use.

Methods: We follow a longitudinal cohort of 360 U.S. metropolitan communities using survey data collected initially in 1998 and again in 2006, 2012 and 2014. Local public health officials report on the availability of 20 guideline-recommended public health services in the community, the organizations involved in implementing each service, and the perceived effectiveness of each service. We construct network-analytic measures of inter-organizational connectedness in implementing services (density, degree and betweenness centrality), with a focus on hospitals, public health agencies, and community-based organizations. We link survey data with outcome measures that include county-level cause-specific mortality rates and measures of public health agency expenditures. Fixed-effects models with instrumental-variables are used to estimate changes in service implementation, preventable mortality and expenditures that are attributable to changes in network structure, controlling for observable and unmeasured confounders.

Results: During 2012-14, hospitals increased their implementation of public health services by 20.1% in the average U.S. community, compared with an increase of 8.7% by local public health agencies, an increase of 6.3% by community-based nonprofit organizations, and a reduction of 6.6% by state agencies. Disparities in implementation between the top and bottom 20% of U.S. communities increased by 30.2% during the full 1998-2014 period, with more than two-thirds of this disparity attributable to changes in inter-organizational network structure. Increases in network density and centrality were associated with expanded service implementation, statistically-significant reductions in infant mortality and deaths due to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and at certain network thresholds, reductions in public health agency resource use.

Implications for D&I Research: Highly-connected and integrated inter-organizational structures support improved service implementation and outcomes, and offer pathways for reducing disparities in service implementation.

Details

Project: Health Reform Implementation and Comprehensive Population Health Systems
Resource: Download
Authors: Mays GP, Mamaril CB, Timsina L, Hogg RA, Bardach D